Implementing international environmental agreements in Russia by Geir Hønneland Anne-Kristen Jorgensen

Author:Geir Hønneland, Anne-Kristen Jorgensen [Geir Hønneland, Anne-Kristen Jorgensen]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Political Science, Public Policy, Environmental Policy, General, Science, Environmental Science
ISBN: 9781847795618
Google: u2O5DwAAQBAJ
Publisher: Manchester University Press
Published: 2013-07-19T02:50:24+00:00

Notes

1 See Nilssen and Hønneland (2001) for a recent overview of the post-Soviet restructuring of the Northwest Russian fishing industry.

2 Admittedly, Soviet fishers were rewarded for over-fulfilling the production plans, but their personal economic gains were far smaller than is the case today. Moreover, since goods were considerably scarcer than purchasing power, the minor extras paid for this were probably of little significance.

3 Of course, this depends on what you compare with. Our point is that this case lies somewhere between cases where the target is either three pipelines or a million cars.

4 For instance, it is relatively easy with modern surveillance equipment to detect a vessel operating in an area closed for fishing. The underreporting of a few tonnes of fish is, on the other hand, relatively difficult to discover due to the difficulty of conducting precise physical checks of the catch once it is stored in the ship’s hold.

5 The Northwest Russian fishing fleet operates mainly, but not exclusively, in the Barents Sea.

6 As of 2002, the regional leaders will not themselves take place in the Federation Council; instead, they will appoint their representatives. This change was part of Putin’s ‘spring reorganisation’ of 2000 (see Chapter 3), but has not been implemented at the time of writing.

7 The contents of the draft Fisheries Act has not been made public. However, some details are known from Russian media, and the authors have also received some information in conversations with involved actors.

8 For instance, quota allocation has in recent years been regulated by a preliminary provision issued by the State Committee for Fisheries (State Committee for Fisheries 1999a) while monitoring and enforcement activities are regulated by a so-called ‘order’ from the same committee (State Committee for Fisheries 1999b).

9 Famous is the story of Yeltsin’s presidential decree that presidential decrees are henceforth to be complied with. In the fisheries sector, there are numerous decrees and orders aimed at redirecting the deliveries of fish to the home market, which have not been enforced.

10 In practice, the decisions of the Technical-Scientific Catch Council and the regional fisheries councils are almost always approved by the State Committee for Fisheries.

11 A ‘service’ (sluzhba) is also an independent federal agency immediately below ministry level. Although often referred to as a ‘military’ agency, the Federal Border Service is not answerable to the Ministry of Defence.

12 An example is the major headline on the front page of Izvestiya on 12 September 1997: ‘The Mafia Has Beaten the Fishery Inspection. Can the Border Guard Beat the Mafia?’

13 It should be mentioned that this new strategy is more like the Western tradition of using political all-rounders for ministerial posts. For most Russians, used to ministers who are specialists in their field of responsibility, this is a new thing.

14 This is an example of how more general legislation appearing before the Fisheries Act reduces the scope of action for fishery management authorities. The provision on quota auctions is printed in Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 13 January 2001.

15 See Hønneland (1998) for a more detailed presentation of these events.

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